Astronomy
This article is about the scientific study of celestial objects. For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). Image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope shows a mosaic Crab Nebula, the remnants of a supernova.
Astronomy - (Astronomy) is derived from the Greek word astron, meaning "star" and the word is derived from the Greek-nomy nomos means law -. And astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that occur outside the atmosphere (such as radiation microwave background cosmic). It is concerned with objects revealed in terms of evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion, In addition to the formation and evolution of the universe.
And Astronomy is one of ancient science. Held astronomers first observations of the methodology of the sky in the evening, with the discovery of Textile astronomically during periods of very early. However, it was necessary invention of the telescope before it develops astronomy to become one of modern science. And included astronomy diverse disciplines Throughout history, such as astrometry, celestial navigation, and observational astronomy, and the development of calendars, astrology, but professional astronomy is synonymous with the astronomical physics.
Since the twentieth century, divided the field of professional astronomy to the branches of observational and theoretical. The focus of observational astronomy to collect and analyze data using the basic principles of physics. While interested in astronomy theoretical development of computer or analytical models to describe the objects and astronomical phenomena. Complements the sub to each other, as it seeks Theoretical astronomy to explain the observational results, and observations used to emphasize the theoretical results.
And amateur astronomers have contributed in many important discoveries, where astronomy is a science that few amateurs can play a significant role, especially in the detection and monitoring of phenomena in transit.
There should be no confusion between the ancient astronomy and astrology, a system which believes that there is a relationship between humanitarian and positions of celestial objects. Different spheres completely from each other although they share the origin and part of the means (the use of calendars.) [1 ]
The United Nations declared 2009 to be the International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009), which aims to emphasize public awareness and dealing with astronomy.
Origin of the word "astronomy"
The word astronomy "Law Star" or a "culture of the stars according to the translation). which is derived from the Greek word αστρονομία, astronomia, from the words: άστρον (astron meaning" star ") and νόμος (nomos means" law or culture ").
The use of terms "astronomy" and "astrophysics"
And can usually use the term "astronomy" or "astrophysics" to refer to this science. [8] [6] [4] According to the dictionary definitions accurate, suggests "Astronomy" to "the study of objects and materials out of the atmosphere and study the characteristics of the physical and chemical" [2], while indicating "astrophysics" to the branch of astronomy that deals with "the physical characteristics and behavioral and dynamic processes of objects and phenomena heavenly." [3] In some cases, you can use "astronomy" to describe the qualitative study of the subject, as can be indicate "astrophysics" subject to a copy of the physical, as is the case in the introduction to the book the physical universe by Frank Shaw. [4] Since most modern astronomical research deals with issues in physics, could be called modern astronomy astrophysics .. [5 ] can be used many of the sections, a researcher at the subject terms "astronomy" and "astrophysics", and it depends partly on whether the partition is linked historically, Department of Physics. [16], we find that there are many astronomers pts have received degrees in the science of physics. [17] The Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the leading scientific journals in this area.
History of Astronomy
And be aware of astronomy at the early times of the observations and predictions about the movement of objects that can be seen with the naked eye. Collected ancient cultures artifacts huge with astronomical purposes, and in some places such as Stonehenge. And can be employed those points observational classroom setting, in addition to the uses of the ceremony. A factor important to know when they can grow crops, and understanding throughout the year [21].
Before the invention of the telescope, the stars of the early studies carried out through monitoring of places available at that time, such as buildings and high ground using the naked eye. With the development of civilizations, has been collecting points astronomical observations in each of Iraq's ancient, Greece, Egypt, Persia, Maya, India, China, and heart [6], and the Islamic world, as well as ideas about the nature of the universe. And included most of the science of astronomy, the early drawing maps of the positions of the stars and planets, a science known as astrometry. Through these observations, is configured to ideas of principle about the movements of the planets, in addition to the philosophical ideas of the nature of the sun, moon, and the planet in the universe. It was believed that the Earth is the center of the universe, and that sun, moon and stars revolve around it. This is known as the belief of the centrality of the engineering model the ground.
There were many important astronomical discoveries before the application of the use of the telescope. For example, as far as Chinese astronomers deviation ecliptic in 1000 BC. And discover the Chaldeans that lunar eclipses occur within the circle of repeated called the Department of eclipses. [7] In the second century BC, as far as Hipparchus [8] and astronomers Arabs size of the moon and the distance between him and the planet. Astronomer, discovered the Persian Ozovi in in 964 Andromeda Galaxy, which is the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way, the first described in the Book of fixed stars. [9] noted the Arab astronomer Ibn Ali Radwan and Chinese astronomers in 1006 supernova SN 1006, which is the most stellar events much brighter in terms of virtual history.
The device [[[Ontekthera] mechanism | Antikythera mechanism]] more astronomical bodies Fame in early times. An ancient Greek device used to calculate the motions of the planets dating to about 150-80 BC, in addition to being the oldest astronomical analog computer. The astronomers with the Arabs and Europeans after them, the establishment of astronomical analog computers are identical.
During the Middle Ages, observational astronomy remained stable in Europe until the thirteenth century at least. However, flourished astronomy in the Islamic world and other parts of the world. There are some astronomers prominent Arab who contributed significantly to the science such as al-Battani, and the constant I'm Kara, and Abdul Rahman bin Omar mystic, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu O-Balkhi and al-Biruni, and Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Zarqali School Almarague, Ali Alkocji, and Albergnde, and Taqi al-Din and others. Also gave astronomers at that time Arabic names currently used for many individual stars. [10] [11] It was believed that the remnants of the buildings in the Great Zimbabwe and Timbuktu [12] includes an astronomical observatory. [13] I think the Europeans in the past that there is no astronomical observation in sub-Saharan Africa in the Middle Ages and the pre-colonial, but proved discoveries of modern vice versa. [14] [15] [16]
=== === Modern scientific revolution
Galileo indicate sketches and observations about the moon to the surface was mountainousDuring the Renaissance, the Nicholas Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system. Then came Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler defenders on the work of Copernicus, and then they expand it and corrected. Galileo continued his innovations, using telescopes to enhance his observations.
Kepler is the first to develop a system to describe the details of the motion of the planets with the sun in the center correctly. However, it did not succeed Kepler in the formulation of the theory supports laws that without it, because the system developed by Kepler to describe the details of the motion of the planets with the sun it involves a number of fallacious scientific disclosed by a Jordanian researcher Mohammed Tayseer Tamimi, 2010 in research published in Journal of Natural Science of America , has proven Tamimi in his research titled The Great collapse Kepler's first law that the center of mass of the Sun is located at a distance of 27534.18 km from one of the hot spots and Milan axis wrap the globe at the district level extinction coefficients change on a year-round from a minimum (66 degree arc and 32 minutes of arc and 21.4119 arc seconds) to its highest level (66 degree arc and 34 arc minutes and 17.1761 seconds of arc) [17]. The invention of Newton's celestial dynamics and the law of gravitation to explain planetary motion. Newton also developed the reflecting telescope.
And made more discoveries of sync with the improvements in the size and quality of the telescope. Also produced a Akayl more lists asterisk. The astronomer William Herschel made a list of detailed fuzzy clusters, also discovered the planet Uranus in 1781, the first new planet discovered. Is selected first distance to the star in 1838 when Friedrich Bessel measured remove the star duo 61 Cygni.
During the nineteenth century, resulted in interesting and Wheeler, and Klerott, and Alembert problem of the tripartite body, to the existence of more accurate predictions about the movement of the moon and planets. The Lagrangian and Olablass vaccinated this work, which allowed assessment of cluster satellites and planets.
Appeared significant progress in the field of astronomy with the introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope and photography. Fraunhofer discovered about 600 a range of colors within the spectrum of the Sun in 1814-15, and returned by Kirchhoff in 1859 to the presence of different elements. And found that stars similar to the sun the floor, but with considerable variation in temperature, mass, and size [10].
Did not prove the existence of galaxy planet Earth, Milky Way, as a separate group of stars in the twentieth century, in addition to galaxies, "Foreign Affairs" and the cosmic expansion marked decline in most galaxies from us. And discovered modern astronomy many foreign objects such as quasars and pulsars , and Almtohjat, and radio galaxies, and use those discoveries for the development of physical theories that describe some of these objects with equally exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars. The physical cosmology in the twentieth century, through the Big Bang model, which was supported by evidence from astronomy and physics, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law, and the universal availability of the elements.Observational 
We get the information in astronomy usually through the identification and analysis of visible light or any other type of electromagnetic radiation. [18] and can be divided into observational astronomy according to the electromagnetic spectrum. and you can see some parts of the spectrum from the surface of the planet, while can not see others only in the heights of high-rise or from space. we need specific information about these subfields below.Radio astronomy
Studying radio astronomy radiation with a wavelength greater than one millimeter almost. [19] and differs from radio astronomy for most types of observational astronomy other, where it can handle waves Alradojp as waves rather than as photons separately. and thus, is relatively easy Measure the capacity and the period of radio waves, while you can not do this with the waves of shorter wavelength [19].
Although the production of some radio waves in the form of thermal radiation by astronomical objects, take most of the emissions Alradojp that was visible from Earth as synchrotron radiation, which is produced when an electron swinging on magnetic fields. [19] In addition, it produces gas between the stars of the number of spectral lines, in particular spectral line of the hydrogen atom and a length of 21 cm, and can see those lines when the radio waves. [45] [46]
You can see a variety of objects with Alradojp wavelengths, including supernovae, and gas between the stars, pulsars, and active galactic nuclei
Infrared astronomy
Astronomy deals with the infrared detection and analysis of the infrared (which is larger than the wavelengths of red light waves). Absorbed by the atmosphere infrared significantly except in the case of wavelengths close to visible light, and then produce atmospheric emissions of infrared radiation. Consequently, there must be observatories infrared in areas of very dry or in space. The infrared spectrum useful in the study of objects of the cold can not radiation, visible light, such as planets and the Circumstellar disk. can wavelengths of infrared penetrate dust clouds that stand a barrier to visible light, which allows to see the stars of small inside molecular clouds and galactic nuclei. [20] and some of the molecules radiate infrared radiation strongly, and can be used to study the chemistry in space, and the detection of water in comets [21].
Optical astronomy
At a distance of up to about eight light-minutes, the sun is more study of the stars, a dwarf star typical of the group G2 V, and aged about 4.6 billion years. Sun is not considered a variable star, but it is not subject to periodic changes in activity known as the solar cycle. And that is volatile in the numbers of solar for 11 years. And sunspots are regions with a temperature less than the average associated with intense magnetic activity [30].
Photograph of the UV-active Votosver of the sun using a telescope tracking space. NASA image.
Increased over time, the sun brighter, with an increase by 40% since it became a main sequence star the sun. As the sun also undergone periodic changes in terms of sunshine, which could have a significant impact on the planet. [31] For example, it is believed that the phenomenon has caused an Mondr Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages. [32]
Called on the outer surface of the sun visible photosphere. There are over this layer, a thin region known as the chromosphere. And is surrounded by a transition zone of rapidly increasing temperatures, and then followed by a layer Koruna hot.
Is located in the center of the sun the main area, which contains a quantity of temperature and pressure sufficient to result in nuclear fusion. While there is above the main area of radiation zone, where movement of the plasma flow of energy through radiation. And the outer layers where the thermal movement of gaseous material energy by changing the physical location of the gas. It is believed that the region creates a thermal magnetic activity, which generates sunspots [30].
Out of the sun solar wind consists of plasma particles in the form of streams until it reaches the twilight of the sun. And interact with the solar wind magnetic field of the Earth to form the Van Allen radiation belt, as well as aurora borealis, where the magnetic field lines descend to Earth to reach the atmosphere. [33]
A black spot in the upper part of the picture dust devil climbing the wall of a hole on the surface of Mars. And creates a mobile column wrapped the atmosphere of Mars (compared to the hurricane-terrestrial) long dark line. Image from NASA Examines the field of astronomy gathering of planets, moons, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids and other objects that revolve around the sun, as well as for planets outside the solar system. And I have been studying the solar system relatively well using the telescope at first, and then through the spacecraft. This led to the understanding of how the composition and evolution of planets are good and comprehensive, although there are many new discoveries. [100] A black spot in the upper part of the picture dust devil climbing the wall of a hole on the surface of Mars. And creates a mobile column wrapped the atmosphere of Mars (compared to the hurricane-terrestrial) long dark line. Image from NASA
And is divided into the solar system to the inner planets, and asteroid belt, and the outer planets. Made up the interior of the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. While the outer gaseous planets of all of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. [34] The Kuiper Belt is located after the planet Neptune, and finally there Oort cloud that could extend at a distance of light years away.
And the planets formed through the disk planetary was surrounded by the sun in the first level. The fact that disk blocks of material evolved over time to become the planets initially, and has been the process through gravity, collision, and accumulation. Then the radiation pressure resulting from the solar wind to expel most of the material that did not develop after, we find that the planets that have sufficient mass is maintained at atmospheric gas. And continued the planets in the expulsion of the remaining material over a period of intense bombardment, and the evidence for that is the presence of many pits on the surface of the moon. During that period, some protoplanets that collide with each other, and that is the leading hypothesis about how to be moon [35].
When the planet reaches sufficient mass, isolated substances with different density within the planet, during planetary differentiation. The process can be a nucleus surrounded by a rock or metal lid and external surface. Could include core areas of solid and liquid, while producing some of the cores of planetary magnetic field, which can own to protect its atmosphere from solar wind. [106]
Produces the internal temperature of any planet or moon from the collisions that created the particle, and radioactive materials (such as uranium, thorium, and 26Al or heat tides. Some of the planets and satellites collect temperature sufficient to pay the geological processes such as volcanoes and Altktonyat. May be exposed surface of the planets that collect or retain Atmospheric Air erosion by wind or water. cool while small objects that do not have heat ebb and faster; and stops its activity with the exception of the geological impact of volcanoes [36].
Ant Nebula Alecoqbiyodh expulsion of gases from the star the Dead is center-aligned symmetrical patterns unlike the chaotic patterns generated by regular explosions.
Control structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy
This image shows several objects of the blue spiral, which is the multiple images of the same galaxy, the impact of repeated lens attractive clusters of yellow galaxies near the middle of the picture. Produces the gravitational field of the lens of your Bancod that leads to the bending of light to magnify and distort the image of the body more remote.
This article is about the scientific study of celestial objects. For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). Image captured by the Hubble Space Telescope shows a mosaic Crab Nebula, the remnants of a supernova.
Astronomy - (Astronomy) is derived from the Greek word astron, meaning "star" and the word is derived from the Greek-nomy nomos means law -. And astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that occur outside the atmosphere (such as radiation microwave background cosmic). It is concerned with objects revealed in terms of evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion, In addition to the formation and evolution of the universe.
And Astronomy is one of ancient science. Held astronomers first observations of the methodology of the sky in the evening, with the discovery of Textile astronomically during periods of very early. However, it was necessary invention of the telescope before it develops astronomy to become one of modern science. And included astronomy diverse disciplines Throughout history, such as astrometry, celestial navigation, and observational astronomy, and the development of calendars, astrology, but professional astronomy is synonymous with the astronomical physics.
Since the twentieth century, divided the field of professional astronomy to the branches of observational and theoretical. The focus of observational astronomy to collect and analyze data using the basic principles of physics. While interested in astronomy theoretical development of computer or analytical models to describe the objects and astronomical phenomena. Complements the sub to each other, as it seeks Theoretical astronomy to explain the observational results, and observations used to emphasize the theoretical results.
And amateur astronomers have contributed in many important discoveries, where astronomy is a science that few amateurs can play a significant role, especially in the detection and monitoring of phenomena in transit.
There should be no confusion between the ancient astronomy and astrology, a system which believes that there is a relationship between humanitarian and positions of celestial objects. Different spheres completely from each other although they share the origin and part of the means (the use of calendars.) [1 ]
The United Nations declared 2009 to be the International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009), which aims to emphasize public awareness and dealing with astronomy.
Origin of the word "astronomy"
The word astronomy "Law Star" or a "culture of the stars according to the translation). which is derived from the Greek word αστρονομία, astronomia, from the words: άστρον (astron meaning" star ") and νόμος (nomos means" law or culture ").
The use of terms "astronomy" and "astrophysics"
And can usually use the term "astronomy" or "astrophysics" to refer to this science. [8] [6] [4] According to the dictionary definitions accurate, suggests "Astronomy" to "the study of objects and materials out of the atmosphere and study the characteristics of the physical and chemical" [2], while indicating "astrophysics" to the branch of astronomy that deals with "the physical characteristics and behavioral and dynamic processes of objects and phenomena heavenly." [3] In some cases, you can use "astronomy" to describe the qualitative study of the subject, as can be indicate "astrophysics" subject to a copy of the physical, as is the case in the introduction to the book the physical universe by Frank Shaw. [4] Since most modern astronomical research deals with issues in physics, could be called modern astronomy astrophysics .. [5 ] can be used many of the sections, a researcher at the subject terms "astronomy" and "astrophysics", and it depends partly on whether the partition is linked historically, Department of Physics. [16], we find that there are many astronomers pts have received degrees in the science of physics. [17] The Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the leading scientific journals in this area.
History of Astronomy
And be aware of astronomy at the early times of the observations and predictions about the movement of objects that can be seen with the naked eye. Collected ancient cultures artifacts huge with astronomical purposes, and in some places such as Stonehenge. And can be employed those points observational classroom setting, in addition to the uses of the ceremony. A factor important to know when they can grow crops, and understanding throughout the year [21].
Before the invention of the telescope, the stars of the early studies carried out through monitoring of places available at that time, such as buildings and high ground using the naked eye. With the development of civilizations, has been collecting points astronomical observations in each of Iraq's ancient, Greece, Egypt, Persia, Maya, India, China, and heart [6], and the Islamic world, as well as ideas about the nature of the universe. And included most of the science of astronomy, the early drawing maps of the positions of the stars and planets, a science known as astrometry. Through these observations, is configured to ideas of principle about the movements of the planets, in addition to the philosophical ideas of the nature of the sun, moon, and the planet in the universe. It was believed that the Earth is the center of the universe, and that sun, moon and stars revolve around it. This is known as the belief of the centrality of the engineering model the ground.
There were many important astronomical discoveries before the application of the use of the telescope. For example, as far as Chinese astronomers deviation ecliptic in 1000 BC. And discover the Chaldeans that lunar eclipses occur within the circle of repeated called the Department of eclipses. [7] In the second century BC, as far as Hipparchus [8] and astronomers Arabs size of the moon and the distance between him and the planet. Astronomer, discovered the Persian Ozovi in in 964 Andromeda Galaxy, which is the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way, the first described in the Book of fixed stars. [9] noted the Arab astronomer Ibn Ali Radwan and Chinese astronomers in 1006 supernova SN 1006, which is the most stellar events much brighter in terms of virtual history.
The device [[[Ontekthera] mechanism | Antikythera mechanism]] more astronomical bodies Fame in early times. An ancient Greek device used to calculate the motions of the planets dating to about 150-80 BC, in addition to being the oldest astronomical analog computer. The astronomers with the Arabs and Europeans after them, the establishment of astronomical analog computers are identical.
During the Middle Ages, observational astronomy remained stable in Europe until the thirteenth century at least. However, flourished astronomy in the Islamic world and other parts of the world. There are some astronomers prominent Arab who contributed significantly to the science such as al-Battani, and the constant I'm Kara, and Abdul Rahman bin Omar mystic, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu O-Balkhi and al-Biruni, and Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Zarqali School Almarague, Ali Alkocji, and Albergnde, and Taqi al-Din and others. Also gave astronomers at that time Arabic names currently used for many individual stars. [10] [11] It was believed that the remnants of the buildings in the Great Zimbabwe and Timbuktu [12] includes an astronomical observatory. [13] I think the Europeans in the past that there is no astronomical observation in sub-Saharan Africa in the Middle Ages and the pre-colonial, but proved discoveries of modern vice versa. [14] [15] [16]
Kepler is the first to develop a system to describe the details of the motion of the planets with the sun in the center correctly. However, it did not succeed Kepler in the formulation of the theory supports laws that without it, because the system developed by Kepler to describe the details of the motion of the planets with the sun it involves a number of fallacious scientific disclosed by a Jordanian researcher Mohammed Tayseer Tamimi, 2010 in research published in Journal of Natural Science of America , has proven Tamimi in his research titled The Great collapse Kepler's first law that the center of mass of the Sun is located at a distance of 27534.18 km from one of the hot spots and Milan axis wrap the globe at the district level extinction coefficients change on a year-round from a minimum (66 degree arc and 32 minutes of arc and 21.4119 arc seconds) to its highest level (66 degree arc and 34 arc minutes and 17.1761 seconds of arc) [17]. The invention of Newton's celestial dynamics and the law of gravitation to explain planetary motion. Newton also developed the reflecting telescope.
And made more discoveries of sync with the improvements in the size and quality of the telescope. Also produced a Akayl more lists asterisk. The astronomer William Herschel made a list of detailed fuzzy clusters, also discovered the planet Uranus in 1781, the first new planet discovered. Is selected first distance to the star in 1838 when Friedrich Bessel measured remove the star duo 61 Cygni.
During the nineteenth century, resulted in interesting and Wheeler, and Klerott, and Alembert problem of the tripartite body, to the existence of more accurate predictions about the movement of the moon and planets. The Lagrangian and Olablass vaccinated this work, which allowed assessment of cluster satellites and planets.
Appeared significant progress in the field of astronomy with the introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope and photography. Fraunhofer discovered about 600 a range of colors within the spectrum of the Sun in 1814-15, and returned by Kirchhoff in 1859 to the presence of different elements. And found that stars similar to the sun the floor, but with considerable variation in temperature, mass, and size [10].
Did not prove the existence of galaxy planet Earth, Milky Way, as a separate group of stars in the twentieth century, in addition to galaxies, "Foreign Affairs" and the cosmic expansion marked decline in most galaxies from us. And discovered modern astronomy many foreign objects such as quasars and pulsars , and Almtohjat, and radio galaxies, and use those discoveries for the development of physical theories that describe some of these objects with equally exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars. The physical cosmology in the twentieth century, through the Big Bang model, which was supported by evidence from astronomy and physics, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law, and the universal availability of the elements.
astronomy
Studying radio astronomy radiation with a wavelength greater than one millimeter almost. [19] and differs from radio astronomy for most types of observational astronomy other, where it can handle waves Alradojp as waves rather than as photons separately. and thus, is relatively easy Measure the capacity and the period of radio waves, while you can not do this with the waves of shorter wavelength [19].
Although the production of some radio waves in the form of thermal radiation by astronomical objects, take most of the emissions Alradojp that was visible from Earth as synchrotron radiation, which is produced when an electron swinging on magnetic fields. [19] In addition, it produces gas between the stars of the number of spectral lines, in particular spectral line of the hydrogen atom and a length of 21 cm, and can see those lines when the radio waves. [45] [46]
You can see a variety of objects with Alradojp wavelengths, including supernovae, and gas between the stars, pulsars, and active galactic nuclei
Infrared astronomy
Astronomy deals with the infrared detection and analysis of the infrared (which is larger than the wavelengths of red light waves). Absorbed by the atmosphere infrared significantly except in the case of wavelengths close to visible light, and then produce atmospheric emissions of infrared radiation. Consequently, there must be observatories infrared in areas of very dry or in space. The infrared spectrum useful in the study of objects of the cold can not radiation, visible light, such as planets and the Circumstellar disk. can wavelengths of infrared penetrate dust clouds that stand a barrier to visible light, which allows to see the stars of small inside molecular clouds and galactic nuclei. [20] and some of the molecules radiate infrared radiation strongly, and can be used to study the chemistry in space, and the detection of water in comets [21].
Optical astronomy
Astronomy is one of the oldest types of optical astronomy in history, which is also called Pflk visible light. [22] and painted by hand in the visual images originally. In the late nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century, photographs were made using photographic equipment. And manufactures modern image by using detectors digital, especially detectors that use a double charge. Although the visible light extends from about 400 to 700 nm [22], using the same equipment that employ these wavelengths to monitor some of the radiation near the ultraviolet rays Infrared.
Ultraviolet astronomy
Usually uses Ultraviolet astronomy to refer to the monitoring wavelengths of ultraviolet light ranging from about 320 nm. [59] and absorb the atmosphere of a planet's light from the wavelengths, and therefore, should be monitoring the wavelengths of the upper atmosphere or from space. and takes care of Ultraviolet astronomy study of thermal radiation and spectral lines emitted from the blue stars hot (stars of the OB) Which tends to be very bright. This includes the blue stars in other galaxies, which was the target of many studies on the ultraviolet radiation. And can monitor other objects in the UV light such as Nebula, the remnants of supernovae, and active galactic nuclei. [19] However, dust absorbs between Alnujomalocap ultraviolet easily, and should be corrected measure ultraviolet light to preserve it from extinction [19].
X-ray Astronomy
X-ray astronomy study of astronomical objects with a wavelength that is equal to X-rays. Emits X-rays from objects such as emission synchrotron (and produced by electrons oscillating around magnetic field lines), and the thermal emission of the gases kind (called rays braking) in excess of 10 7 (10 million) K, and thermal emission of the gases thick (called radiation black body) in excess of 10 7 K [19]. and where the atmosphere of the Earth absorbs x-rays, must be monitored through X-ray balloon is too high, or missiles or space vehicles. Sources include X-ray binaries X-rays, pulsars, supernova remnants, and elliptical galaxies, and clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei [19].Gamma ray astronomy
Interested in an orbit to study gamma-ray spectra of astronomical objects with electromagnetic which has shorter wavelengths. Gamma rays can be monitored directly by satellites such as the Observatory Compton Gamma-ray telescope, or by a specialist called Cherenkov telescope of the atmosphere. [66] did not monitor the Cherenkov gamma-ray telescopes, but they monitor and flashes of visible light produced when absorbed the atmosphere of the Earth's gamma rays. [68]
The most sources of issuance of gamma-ray supernovae generate gamma rays, the objects are issued only gamma rays for a period ranging from milliseconds to thousands of seconds before disappearing. And issued only 10% of gamma-ray sources such radiation for a long time. These include Albathat Fixed-ray gamma pulsars, neutron stars and black holes candidates such as active galactic nuclei [19].
The most sources of issuance of gamma-ray supernovae generate gamma rays, the objects are issued only gamma rays for a period ranging from milliseconds to thousands of seconds before disappearing. And issued only 10% of gamma-ray sources such radiation for a long time. These include Albathat Fixed-ray gamma pulsars, neutron stars and black holes candidates such as active galactic nuclei [19].
Fields that do not depend on the electromagnetic spectrum
Can see some things from the planet at distances far away, with the exception of electromagnetic radiation.
In Alniotrini astronomy, astronomers use underground facilities to monitor such neutrinos experience Alگaleom Alsoڤeitep of America, and the experience of Alcaleom, and Kamilloka II and III. And neutrons came mainly from the sun and supernovae (e) [19]
It consists of cosmic rays of particles high energy can be decomposed or absorbed when they enter the atmosphere of a planet Allord, leading to the formation of a group of particles. [23] In addition, it will become some of the reagents neutrinos future sensitive to neutrons resulting from the penetration of cosmic rays of the atmosphere of the planet [19].
The astronomy of gravity waves on a new window of types of astronomy, which aims to use detectors of gravitational waves for the collection of observational data on the particle compact. Was also established some observatories such as the Observatory of gravity that works overlap the laser light (LIGO), but it is difficult to monitor gravitational waves [24].
Benefited orbit planets from direct monitoring, which comes in the form of spacecraft and missions in kind. They include missions with remote sensors; and vehicles that can carry out experiments on the surface of materials; and influences that allow remote sensing of the material underlying distance, and the missions belonging that allows examination lab direct.
In Alniotrini astronomy, astronomers use underground facilities to monitor such neutrinos experience Alگaleom Alsoڤeitep of America, and the experience of Alcaleom, and Kamilloka II and III. And neutrons came mainly from the sun and supernovae (e) [19]
It consists of cosmic rays of particles high energy can be decomposed or absorbed when they enter the atmosphere of a planet Allord, leading to the formation of a group of particles. [23] In addition, it will become some of the reagents neutrinos future sensitive to neutrons resulting from the penetration of cosmic rays of the atmosphere of the planet [19].
The astronomy of gravity waves on a new window of types of astronomy, which aims to use detectors of gravitational waves for the collection of observational data on the particle compact. Was also established some observatories such as the Observatory of gravity that works overlap the laser light (LIGO), but it is difficult to monitor gravitational waves [24].
Benefited orbit planets from direct monitoring, which comes in the form of spacecraft and missions in kind. They include missions with remote sensors; and vehicles that can carry out experiments on the surface of materials; and influences that allow remote sensing of the material underlying distance, and the missions belonging that allows examination lab direct.
Astrometry and celestial mechanics
Is one of the oldest fields in astronomy and other sciences, which is concerned with the measurement of the heavenly sites. It was important to know the location of the sun, moon, planets and stars accurately through history, especially in celestial navigation.
The accurate measurement of the positions of the planets to understand the disorders of gravity, plus the ability to determine the present and past Lkwakb more accurately. This is known as the domain name of mechanical bodies. And will help track objects adjacent to the planet in a predictable encounters and possible collisions with the planet [25].
The measure displace nearby stars based on peace cosmic distances, which is used to measure the size of the universe. It also provides measurement of displace nearby stars the absolute basis of the characteristics of distant stars, because it can be compared with those characteristics. As shown in measuring radial velocity and movement kinematics appropriate for these systems through the Milky Way galaxy. Also used the results of astrometry to measure the distribution of dark matter within the galaxy [26].
During the nineties, astronomical measurement technique was used to measure the wobble of the stars detecting large planets outside our solar system that revolves around nearby stars [27].
The accurate measurement of the positions of the planets to understand the disorders of gravity, plus the ability to determine the present and past Lkwakb more accurately. This is known as the domain name of mechanical bodies. And will help track objects adjacent to the planet in a predictable encounters and possible collisions with the planet [25].
The measure displace nearby stars based on peace cosmic distances, which is used to measure the size of the universe. It also provides measurement of displace nearby stars the absolute basis of the characteristics of distant stars, because it can be compared with those characteristics. As shown in measuring radial velocity and movement kinematics appropriate for these systems through the Milky Way galaxy. Also used the results of astrometry to measure the distribution of dark matter within the galaxy [26].
During the nineties, astronomical measurement technique was used to measure the wobble of the stars detecting large planets outside our solar system that revolves around nearby stars [27].
Theoretical astronomy
Theoretical astronomers use a wide range of tools which include analytical models (such as Alpolitrobat that determine the behavior of stars), and analysis of numerical arithmetic. And each type has some advantages. The analytical models of any process useful in giving insight into what is happening. And can reveal numerical models for the existence of phenomena and the effects can not be seen. [28] [29]
And tries to owners of astronomical theories that make a theoretical models and knowledge of observational results of those models. This helps observers in the search for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between alternative models or conflicting.
The theorists also tries to manufacture or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of a contradiction, the public tends to work less possible amendments to the model to fit the data. In some cases, may lead to contradictory data on the total abandonment of the form.
The topics discussed by the astronomers, theoretical: the dynamics of stars and evolution; be galaxies; structures of large materials in the universe; source of cosmic rays; general relativity and cosmology material, including cosmology tendinous and astroparticle physics. The astrophysics as a tool to measure the properties of large structures, where gravity plays an important role in the investigation of physical phenomena, as well as to the basis of the black hole and the study of gravitational waves.
Some of the accepted theories and models astronomy, now included in the model Lambda: the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark, and the material, and basic theories in physics.
And tries to owners of astronomical theories that make a theoretical models and knowledge of observational results of those models. This helps observers in the search for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between alternative models or conflicting.
The theorists also tries to manufacture or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of a contradiction, the public tends to work less possible amendments to the model to fit the data. In some cases, may lead to contradictory data on the total abandonment of the form.
The topics discussed by the astronomers, theoretical: the dynamics of stars and evolution; be galaxies; structures of large materials in the universe; source of cosmic rays; general relativity and cosmology material, including cosmology tendinous and astroparticle physics. The astrophysics as a tool to measure the properties of large structures, where gravity plays an important role in the investigation of physical phenomena, as well as to the basis of the black hole and the study of gravitational waves.
Some of the accepted theories and models astronomy, now included in the model Lambda: the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark, and the material, and basic theories in physics.
Subfields of astronomy
Solar astronomy
At a distance of up to about eight light-minutes, the sun is more study of the stars, a dwarf star typical of the group G2 V, and aged about 4.6 billion years. Sun is not considered a variable star, but it is not subject to periodic changes in activity known as the solar cycle. And that is volatile in the numbers of solar for 11 years. And sunspots are regions with a temperature less than the average associated with intense magnetic activity [30]. Photograph of the UV-active Votosver of the sun using a telescope tracking space. NASA image.
Increased over time, the sun brighter, with an increase by 40% since it became a main sequence star the sun. As the sun also undergone periodic changes in terms of sunshine, which could have a significant impact on the planet. [31] For example, it is believed that the phenomenon has caused an Mondr Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages. [32]
Called on the outer surface of the sun visible photosphere. There are over this layer, a thin region known as the chromosphere. And is surrounded by a transition zone of rapidly increasing temperatures, and then followed by a layer Koruna hot.
Is located in the center of the sun the main area, which contains a quantity of temperature and pressure sufficient to result in nuclear fusion. While there is above the main area of radiation zone, where movement of the plasma flow of energy through radiation. And the outer layers where the thermal movement of gaseous material energy by changing the physical location of the gas. It is believed that the region creates a thermal magnetic activity, which generates sunspots [30].
Out of the sun solar wind consists of plasma particles in the form of streams until it reaches the twilight of the sun. And interact with the solar wind magnetic field of the Earth to form the Van Allen radiation belt, as well as aurora borealis, where the magnetic field lines descend to Earth to reach the atmosphere. [33]
Planetary science
And is divided into the solar system to the inner planets, and asteroid belt, and the outer planets. Made up the interior of the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. While the outer gaseous planets of all of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. [34] The Kuiper Belt is located after the planet Neptune, and finally there Oort cloud that could extend at a distance of light years away.
And the planets formed through the disk planetary was surrounded by the sun in the first level. The fact that disk blocks of material evolved over time to become the planets initially, and has been the process through gravity, collision, and accumulation. Then the radiation pressure resulting from the solar wind to expel most of the material that did not develop after, we find that the planets that have sufficient mass is maintained at atmospheric gas. And continued the planets in the expulsion of the remaining material over a period of intense bombardment, and the evidence for that is the presence of many pits on the surface of the moon. During that period, some protoplanets that collide with each other, and that is the leading hypothesis about how to be moon [35].
When the planet reaches sufficient mass, isolated substances with different density within the planet, during planetary differentiation. The process can be a nucleus surrounded by a rock or metal lid and external surface. Could include core areas of solid and liquid, while producing some of the cores of planetary magnetic field, which can own to protect its atmosphere from solar wind. [106]
Produces the internal temperature of any planet or moon from the collisions that created the particle, and radioactive materials (such as uranium, thorium, and 26Al or heat tides. Some of the planets and satellites collect temperature sufficient to pay the geological processes such as volcanoes and Altktonyat. May be exposed surface of the planets that collect or retain Atmospheric Air erosion by wind or water. cool while small objects that do not have heat ebb and faster; and stops its activity with the exception of the geological impact of volcanoes [36].
Stellar Astronomy
We must study the stars and stellar evolution to be able to understand the universe. Have been identified astrophysics of stars through the observation and theoretical understanding; addition to the internal computer simulations.
The stars are within areas that contain high quantity of dust and gas, known as giant molecular clouds. Can fragments of clouds that collide with each other when it happens to destabilize the stability, due to gravity to form stars preliminary. Cause the hot key areas of sufficient density integrated nuclear, and thus create a key sequence star. [37]
Created most of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium nuclei inside stars.
Dependent properties of the star that resulted from that process on the cluster asterisk. And whenever the star was heavy, the greater the strength of Sunrise, and thus extends hydrogen fuel inside more. Over time, the delegates turned to hydrogen gas helium, the star begins to evolve. Requires helium temperatures essential to high melt, which makes the star expand in size, and increases in core density. And has a red giant resulting age shortly before the fuel is consumed and helium. And the stars can be very large be subject to a series of evolutionary stages is low, because it will lead to the fusion of heavier elements.
And adopt the final fate of the star on its mass, and become stars of mass greater than the sunniest eight times the supernova a major collision, while the stars are small planetary nebula, and develop-digit white dwarfs and are remnants of supernova neutron star heavy, but if the cluster stellar three times the sun at least , that remains to be a black hole. [38] and can close binary stars to follow more complex evolutionary paths, such as mass transport of the white dwarf is likely to cause a supernova. The planetary nebula and supernovae are necessary for the distribution of metals in the environment between the asterisk; Without their presence, have formed all the new stars (and their planetary)
The stars are within areas that contain high quantity of dust and gas, known as giant molecular clouds. Can fragments of clouds that collide with each other when it happens to destabilize the stability, due to gravity to form stars preliminary. Cause the hot key areas of sufficient density integrated nuclear, and thus create a key sequence star. [37]
Created most of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium nuclei inside stars.
Dependent properties of the star that resulted from that process on the cluster asterisk. And whenever the star was heavy, the greater the strength of Sunrise, and thus extends hydrogen fuel inside more. Over time, the delegates turned to hydrogen gas helium, the star begins to evolve. Requires helium temperatures essential to high melt, which makes the star expand in size, and increases in core density. And has a red giant resulting age shortly before the fuel is consumed and helium. And the stars can be very large be subject to a series of evolutionary stages is low, because it will lead to the fusion of heavier elements.
And adopt the final fate of the star on its mass, and become stars of mass greater than the sunniest eight times the supernova a major collision, while the stars are small planetary nebula, and develop-digit white dwarfs and are remnants of supernova neutron star heavy, but if the cluster stellar three times the sun at least , that remains to be a black hole. [38] and can close binary stars to follow more complex evolutionary paths, such as mass transport of the white dwarf is likely to cause a supernova. The planetary nebula and supernovae are necessary for the distribution of metals in the environment between the asterisk; Without their presence, have formed all the new stars (and their planetary)
of hydrogen and helium only
Galactic astronomy
Our solar system revolves inside the Milky Way galaxy, a Barred Spiral Galaxy and a senior member of the local group of galaxies. It consists of a rotating mass of gas, dust, stars and other objects that are linked together by mutual attraction. Since the planet is located within the external arm of the dusty, there are large parts of the Milky Way can not be seen.
The heart is located in the center of the Milky Way, which is inflated phallic shape of a black hole in the middle. Surrounded by four arms of the essential heart of a spiral. It is a region characterized by formation active stars, which contain many of the stars smaller than the first type. And takes the disk halo plasma of the biggest stars of the second type, in addition to groups of relatively dense stars known as the groupings closed. [116] [118]
Located environment between the asterisk between the stars, a region of material scattered. And create clouds of molecular hydrogen and other elements of areas for the formation of stars within the areas of high-density. It starts in the form of a dark cloud-based and fall (in volumes determined by length of jeans) to form the stars initial CD-ROM. [39 ]
As shown massive stars in abundance, turning the cloud to the H II region, which consists of gases and plasma glowing. Works stellar winds and supernova explosions from these stars to disperse the clouds, and often leave behind groups are open from young stars. Then disperses these groups gradually, and join the stars of the population of the Milky Way.
Kinetic studies have shown substance within the Milky Way and other galaxies that there is a larger blocks of material known for the visual. Show the dark halo material, and appear to be controlled on the block, although you do not specify the nature of dark matter [40].
Astronomy outside the Hungarian
The heart is located in the center of the Milky Way, which is inflated phallic shape of a black hole in the middle. Surrounded by four arms of the essential heart of a spiral. It is a region characterized by formation active stars, which contain many of the stars smaller than the first type. And takes the disk halo plasma of the biggest stars of the second type, in addition to groups of relatively dense stars known as the groupings closed. [116] [118]
Located environment between the asterisk between the stars, a region of material scattered. And create clouds of molecular hydrogen and other elements of areas for the formation of stars within the areas of high-density. It starts in the form of a dark cloud-based and fall (in volumes determined by length of jeans) to form the stars initial CD-ROM. [39 ]
As shown massive stars in abundance, turning the cloud to the H II region, which consists of gases and plasma glowing. Works stellar winds and supernova explosions from these stars to disperse the clouds, and often leave behind groups are open from young stars. Then disperses these groups gradually, and join the stars of the population of the Milky Way.
Kinetic studies have shown substance within the Milky Way and other galaxies that there is a larger blocks of material known for the visual. Show the dark halo material, and appear to be controlled on the block, although you do not specify the nature of dark matter [40].
Astronomy outside the Hungarian
The study of objects outside our galaxy, the branch of astronomy concerned with the formation and evolution of galaxies; taxonomy and morphology; and examination of active galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. The latter is important to understand the structure of the universe. This image shows several objects of the blue spiral, which is the multiple images of the same galaxy, the impact of repeated lens attractive clusters of yellow galaxies near the middle of the picture. Produces the gravitational field of the lens of your Bancod that leads to the bending of light to magnify and distort the image of the body more remote.
Most galaxies are organized in various forms to allow the plans of the classification. It is usually divided into spirals, and elliptical, and irregular [41].
Take the oval-shaped galaxy of Ihlij tomography. The stars move through the orbits of random does not have a particular direction. And contain such galaxies a little dust between the star, and areas of the formation of stars, the great stars. It is located elliptical galaxies usually in the heart of the groups, Hungarian, and can be formed by merging galaxies large.
Spiral galaxy are organized through a flat circular disk with a prominent bulge or bar at the center, in addition to the bright spiral arms abroad. The arms are dusty regions of star formation where massive young stars produce a degree of blue color. Spiral galaxies and the surrounding halo of stars are not large. Both the Milky Way galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, spiral galaxies.
And irregular galaxies are characterized as chaotic, it is not spiral or elliptical. Is about a quarter of irregular galaxies, and comes formats alien to those galaxies as a result of the interaction of gravity.
The formation of the active galaxy emitting a large amount of power from a source other than stars, dust, gas, and is supported by the built-in center, it is usually believed to be a super-massive black hole emits radiation of materials falling.
While the active galaxy radio galaxy, as part of the radio spectrum is very luminous and emit huge amounts of columns or lobes of gas. Include active galaxies that emit high-energy radiation Seyfert Seyfert and quasars, and Almtokdat. It is believed that quasars are more objects in the known universe Lighting [42].
The large-scale structure of the universe through the clusters of galaxies. And that structure is organized in a hierarchy, and Hungarian cluster is the largest of those massive structures. The material collected consists of strings and walls, leaving large spaces between them. [
Amateur Astronomy 
Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment, and they can carry parts of the stars and gatherings, such as the Stellafane.
Most galaxies are organized in various forms to allow the plans of the classification. It is usually divided into spirals, and elliptical, and irregular [41].
Take the oval-shaped galaxy of Ihlij tomography. The stars move through the orbits of random does not have a particular direction. And contain such galaxies a little dust between the star, and areas of the formation of stars, the great stars. It is located elliptical galaxies usually in the heart of the groups, Hungarian, and can be formed by merging galaxies large.
Spiral galaxy are organized through a flat circular disk with a prominent bulge or bar at the center, in addition to the bright spiral arms abroad. The arms are dusty regions of star formation where massive young stars produce a degree of blue color. Spiral galaxies and the surrounding halo of stars are not large. Both the Milky Way galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, spiral galaxies.
And irregular galaxies are characterized as chaotic, it is not spiral or elliptical. Is about a quarter of irregular galaxies, and comes formats alien to those galaxies as a result of the interaction of gravity.
The formation of the active galaxy emitting a large amount of power from a source other than stars, dust, gas, and is supported by the built-in center, it is usually believed to be a super-massive black hole emits radiation of materials falling.
While the active galaxy radio galaxy, as part of the radio spectrum is very luminous and emit huge amounts of columns or lobes of gas. Include active galaxies that emit high-energy radiation Seyfert Seyfert and quasars, and Almtokdat. It is believed that quasars are more objects in the known universe Lighting [42].
The large-scale structure of the universe through the clusters of galaxies. And that structure is organized in a hierarchy, and Hungarian cluster is the largest of those massive structures. The material collected consists of strings and walls, leaving large spaces between them. [
Cosmology
The word cosmology "cosmology" (from the Greek κοσμος It means "the world and the universe" and the word λογος It means "a word or study"). Studying the science and the universe as a whole.
As taught cosmology physical structure of the universe from the perspective of large scale, which is a branch of cosmology. We have provided a deep understanding of science for the formation and evolution of the universe. The Big Bang theory essential to modern cosmology, where the universe began in a single point of time, and then expanded over the transmission, 13.7, reaching its current state. This is because the concept of the Big Bang to the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965.
In the context of this expansion, the universe was several evolutionary stages. In the initial moments, there was a theory that the universe has seen a very rapid cosmic inflation, led to the harmonization of conditions of the universe began. Then led the process of nucleosynthesis to the availability of elements in the universe's initial. (See also nucleocosmochronology.)
When the initial atoms formed, space became transparent, where it emits energy in the form of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Then the universe was expanding to the dark age because of the lack of stellar energy sources. [44]
And began the hierarchical structure of the substance in the formation of the subtle differences in the intensity of the cluster. The accumulated material in the dense, to be withdrawn from the initial gas and stars. This caused massive stars in the occurrence of re-ionization and are believed to have created many of the heavy elements in the universe, which tends to the initial fusion of lighter elements is configured to expand the session.
Grapes of gravity and gather clues to be Hungarian, leaving voids in the gaps. And integrated sets of gas and dust gradually to form a primitive galaxies. Over time, this led to the withdrawal of more materials, which are usually organized in groups and clusters of galaxies, then be a huge cluster of a Hungarian [45].
The existence of dark matter and dark energy essential to the structure of the universe. It is now considered the dominant elements which constitute 96% of the density of the universe. For this reason, be made a lot of effort in an attempt to understand the physics of these components [46].
As taught cosmology physical structure of the universe from the perspective of large scale, which is a branch of cosmology. We have provided a deep understanding of science for the formation and evolution of the universe. The Big Bang theory essential to modern cosmology, where the universe began in a single point of time, and then expanded over the transmission, 13.7, reaching its current state. This is because the concept of the Big Bang to the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965.
In the context of this expansion, the universe was several evolutionary stages. In the initial moments, there was a theory that the universe has seen a very rapid cosmic inflation, led to the harmonization of conditions of the universe began. Then led the process of nucleosynthesis to the availability of elements in the universe's initial. (See also nucleocosmochronology.)
When the initial atoms formed, space became transparent, where it emits energy in the form of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Then the universe was expanding to the dark age because of the lack of stellar energy sources. [44]
And began the hierarchical structure of the substance in the formation of the subtle differences in the intensity of the cluster. The accumulated material in the dense, to be withdrawn from the initial gas and stars. This caused massive stars in the occurrence of re-ionization and are believed to have created many of the heavy elements in the universe, which tends to the initial fusion of lighter elements is configured to expand the session.
Grapes of gravity and gather clues to be Hungarian, leaving voids in the gaps. And integrated sets of gas and dust gradually to form a primitive galaxies. Over time, this led to the withdrawal of more materials, which are usually organized in groups and clusters of galaxies, then be a huge cluster of a Hungarian [45].
The existence of dark matter and dark energy essential to the structure of the universe. It is now considered the dominant elements which constitute 96% of the density of the universe. For this reason, be made a lot of effort in an attempt to understand the physics of these components [46].
Interdisciplinary Studies
The back of many of the important links between the multiple disciplines of astronomy and astrophysics as well as other major scientific fields. Studying astronomy astronomy ancient archaeological or traditional cultural context in terms of using archaeological evidence and anthropological. While interested in astrobiology to study the emergence and evolution of biological systems in the universe, with particular emphasis on the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial life.
Called on the study of chemicals found in space, including the composition, interaction and mass, astronomical knowledge of chemistry. These materials are usually in the molecular clouds, although they may appear inside stars with a low temperature, and dwarf planets of the structure. Interested in cosmic chemistry study of chemicals in the solar system, including the assets of the elements and differences in the proportions of isotopes. Represents each of these areas overlap in the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry.
Called on the study of chemicals found in space, including the composition, interaction and mass, astronomical knowledge of chemistry. These materials are usually in the molecular clouds, although they may appear inside stars with a low temperature, and dwarf planets of the structure. Interested in cosmic chemistry study of chemicals in the solar system, including the assets of the elements and differences in the proportions of isotopes. Represents each of these areas overlap in the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry.
Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment, and they can carry parts of the stars and gatherings, such as the Stellafane.
Astronomy is one of the science that amateurs can contribute significantly [47]
Amateur astronomers noted a variety of celestial objects and phenomena using the equipment they built themselves. Include the common goals of amateur astronomy moon, planets, stars, comets, meteors showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae. Is aware of astrophotography branches of amateur astronomy, which included taking pictures of the evening sky. And loves a lot of amateur specialization in the monitoring of certain objects, and the types of objects, or types of events that affect them. [48] [49]
Most amateurs working in the visual wavelengths, while a few were interested in testing for wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. This includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes, as well as to the use of radio telescopes. Karl Jansky is considered a pioneer of amateur radio astronomy, and has started monitoring the sky through radio waves in the thirties. And used by a number of amateur astronomers telescopes or homemade radio telescopes was originally built for use in astronomical research, but is now available to amateurs (such as telescope per mile). [50] [51]
Continued to amateur astronomers in the provision of scientific contributions in the field of astronomy. Astronomy is one of the few scientific disciplines, which are still amateurs are able to provide important scientific contributions. And amateurs can make measurements of metaphysics is used to refine the orbits of asteroids. They can also discover comets, and take notes on many of the normal stars. And allowed improvements in digital technology for the amateur to make contributions in the field of great astrophotography.
Astronomy is one of the science that amateurs can contribute significantly [47]
Amateur astronomers noted a variety of celestial objects and phenomena using the equipment they built themselves. Include the common goals of amateur astronomy moon, planets, stars, comets, meteors showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae. Is aware of astrophotography branches of amateur astronomy, which included taking pictures of the evening sky. And loves a lot of amateur specialization in the monitoring of certain objects, and the types of objects, or types of events that affect them. [48] [49]
Most amateurs working in the visual wavelengths, while a few were interested in testing for wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. This includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes, as well as to the use of radio telescopes. Karl Jansky is considered a pioneer of amateur radio astronomy, and has started monitoring the sky through radio waves in the thirties. And used by a number of amateur astronomers telescopes or homemade radio telescopes was originally built for use in astronomical research, but is now available to amateurs (such as telescope per mile). [50] [51]
Continued to amateur astronomers in the provision of scientific contributions in the field of astronomy. Astronomy is one of the few scientific disciplines, which are still amateurs are able to provide important scientific contributions. And amateurs can make measurements of metaphysics is used to refine the orbits of asteroids. They can also discover comets, and take notes on many of the normal stars. And allowed improvements in digital technology for the amateur to make contributions in the field of great astrophotography.
Common questions about astronomy
In spite of the scientific system of astronomy has made tremendous strides toward understanding the nature of the universe and its contents, there are still some important questions that are not answered. May require the answer to those questions and ground equipment to build new space, and possibly new developments in the field of theoretical and experimental physics.
Q: What is the origin of stellar mass spectrum? Therefore, astronomers watching the same distribution of stellar mass - initial mass function - regardless of initial conditions? [55] Thus, we need a deeper understanding of the formation of stars and planets.
Q: Are there other life in the universe? Is there other intelligent life? If so, what is the explanation for Fermi's Paradox? The existence of life elsewhere in his scientific and philosophical implications are important. [56] [57]
Q: What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? They dominate the evolution and fate of the universe, yet we still do not know their true nature. [58]
* Why allow the constants of the physical existence of life? You could be the result of cosmic natural selection? What caused the cosmic inflation, which led to the emergence of a homogeneous universe?
* What will be the ultimate fate of the universe? [
Q: What is the origin of stellar mass spectrum? Therefore, astronomers watching the same distribution of stellar mass - initial mass function - regardless of initial conditions? [55] Thus, we need a deeper understanding of the formation of stars and planets.
Q: Are there other life in the universe? Is there other intelligent life? If so, what is the explanation for Fermi's Paradox? The existence of life elsewhere in his scientific and philosophical implications are important. [56] [57]
Q: What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? They dominate the evolution and fate of the universe, yet we still do not know their true nature. [58]
* Why allow the constants of the physical existence of life? You could be the result of cosmic natural selection? What caused the cosmic inflation, which led to the emergence of a homogeneous universe?
* What will be the ultimate fate of the universe? [
